CLEVELAND HISTORY

Cleveland Indians Set Franchise Scoring Record (July 7, 1923): At Dunn Field, the Cleveland Indians achieved a franchise-record 27–3 victory over the Boston Red Sox. Key contributions came from Rube Lutzke and Riggs Stephenson, marking one of the most lopsided wins in team history.

Philip Johnson Born in Cleveland (July 8, 1906): Renowned architect Philip Cortelyou Johnson was born in Cleveland. He later became a pivotal figure in modern architecture, known for iconic structures like the Glass House in Connecticut and the AT&T Building in New York City.

Satchel Paige Makes Historic MLB Debut (July 9, 1948): Legendary pitcher Satchel Paige debuted for the Cleveland Indians at age 42, becoming the oldest rookie in Major League Baseball history. His performance was a significant moment in the integration of baseball.

Record-Setting Baseball Game at League Park (July 10, 1932): In an 18-inning marathon at Cleveland’s League Park, the Philadelphia Athletics defeated the Indians 18–17. The game set multiple records, including Johnny Burnett’s nine hits—the most in a single MLB game.

Al Rosen Shines in All-Star Game at Cleveland Stadium (July 13, 1954): During the MLB All-Star Game held at Cleveland Municipal Stadium, Indians’ third baseman Al Rosen hit two home runs and drove in five runs, tying an All-Star Game record and leading the American League to an 11–9 victory.

WORLD HISTORY

U.S. Congress Annexes Hawaii (July 7, 1898): On this day, the United States Congress passed the Newlands Resolution, leading to the annexation of the independent Republic of Hawaii. This action paved the way for Hawaii to become a U.S. territory in 1900 and eventually the 50th state in 1959.

Vasco da Gama Departs for India (July 8, 1497): Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama set sail from Lisbon with a fleet of four ships, embarking on the first direct sea voyage from Europe to India. This expedition established a sea route to Asia, significantly impacting global trade.

Catherine the Great Assumes Power in Russia (July 9, 1762): Following a coup d’état that deposed her husband, Peter III, Catherine II ascended to the Russian throne. Her reign marked a period of significant expansion and modernization in Russia.

Battle of Britain Begins (July 10, 1940): The German Luftwaffe commenced a prolonged aerial assault against the United Kingdom, marking the start of the Battle of Britain. This campaign was the first major military conflict fought entirely by air forces.

Jean-Paul Marat Assassinated (July 13, 1793): French revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat was fatally stabbed in his bath by Charlotte Corday, a supporter of the rival Girondin faction. His death became a symbol of the intense political turmoil during the French Revolution.